What is it?
ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) affects how you focus, how much energy you have and how well you can control your impulses. Symptoms usually start in childhood, before the age of 12, but some people aren’t diagnosed until they’re adults.
Some people with ADHD describe themselves as neurodivergent, meaning their brain works differently rather than wrongly.
Common signs
Symptoms fall into two types. Most people with ADHD have some of both, but some only have one. When the hyperactive and impulsive side is strongest, people sometimes call it the “hyperactive-impulsive” presentation. It’s still ADHD, just how it shows up for that person.
- Inattentive. Easily distracted or forgetful, finding it hard to organise your time, follow instructions or finish things, losing your wallet, phone or keys.
- Hyperactive and impulsive. Restless or full of energy, talking a lot or cutting across people, making quick decisions without thinking through what happens next.
Everyone has days like this. ADHD is when it’s been there since you were young and it keeps causing problems at work, at home or in relationships.
What can cause it
The cause isn’t always known. ADHD often runs in families, so genes play a part. It’s also linked to being born early, epilepsy, brain injury and being autistic.
How it can affect everyday life
Unmanaged ADHD can make work, money and relationships harder. People with ADHD are more likely to also have anxiety, depression or addictions, and are at higher risk of suicide. If you’re struggling right now, please talk to someone.
Getting assessed
If it’s affecting your work, studies or relationships, start with your GP. They’ll ask about your symptoms and may look at other things that can cause similar problems, such as anxiety or autism. They can then refer you to an ADHD specialist, usually a psychiatrist.
The specialist will ask about your life now and when you were a child, including school. They may want to speak to someone who knows you well.
In England, waiting times can run to months or even years. You may be able to choose a clinic with a shorter wait through your GP, using the NHS “Right to Choose”.
In Ireland, speak to your GP about a referral. ADHD Ireland has information on adult assessment and support.
Treatment and support
ADHD can be managed in different ways, and not everyone needs or wants medicine.
- Medicine. Such as methylphenidate or lisdexamfetamine. It must be started and monitored by an ADHD specialist, and you may need to try more than one.
- Talking therapies. Such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) or mindfulness.
- Changes at work. You can ask for reasonable adjustments, like a quieter workspace, written as well as spoken instructions, or help planning tasks.
Things that can help day to day
- Exercise. It’s a good outlet for energy and helps with anxiety and low mood, which can make ADHD worse.
- Keep a regular bedtime, and avoid screens, caffeine and alcohol late at night.
- Eat regular meals.
- Tell the people close to you. It helps them understand what’s going on.
Myths and common questions
“ADHD is just a kids’ thing.” Adults have ADHD too, and some are only diagnosed later in life.
“It’s just an excuse for being lazy or disorganised.” ADHD is a recognised condition linked to how the brain works. It isn’t about effort.
“If I get a diagnosis I’ll have to take medicine.” Medicine is one option. Many people manage with other support.